!version: $Revision: 1.1.1.1 $ !date: Tue Jul 22 11:59:10 EDT 2003 !saved-by: pj37 !autogenerated-by: DAG-Edit version 1.306-beta-1 ! !Plant growth Stage Ontology definitions ! term: 1-2 leaves goid: GRO:0007009 definition: First or second leaf collar visible. definition_reference: GR:pj definition_reference: MaizeDB:67353 term: 1-4 leaf stage goid: GRO:0007142 definition: The period from development of the first to fourth leaf stage definition_reference: GR:pj definition_reference: web:http //www.uaex.edu/Other_Areas/publications/HTML/MP192/1_Rice_Growth_and_Development_Vegetative.asp comment: During this time, the seminal roots further develop, the secondary or lateral roots develop and the first four leaves appear term: 1/2 of inflorescence emerged goid: GRO:0007098 definition: When half of the inflorescence has emerged. definition_reference: GR:pj definition_reference: web:http //weeds.montana.edu/crop/Growth_stages_book/p22_23.htm comment: Zadok scale-1; Feekes scale-10.3; Haun scale-10.5 term: 1/4 of inflorescence emerged goid: GRO:0007097 definition: When a quarter of the inflorescence has emerged. definition_reference: web:http //weeds.montana.edu/crop/Growth_stages_book/p22_23.htm definition_reference: GR:pj comment: Zadok scale-53; Feekes scale-10.2 term: 1st node detectable goid: GRO:0007082 definition: definition_reference: GR:pj definition_reference: web:http //weeds.montana.edu/crop/Growth_stages_book/p22_23.htm comment: Zadok scale-31; Feekes scale-6 term: 2 leaves unfolded goid: GRO:0007061 definition: definition_reference: GR:pj definition_reference: web:http //weeds.montana.edu/crop/Growth_stages_book/p22_23.htm comment: Zadok scale-12; Haun scale-1.+ term: 2nd node detectable goid: GRO:0007083 definition: definition_reference: web:http //weeds.montana.edu/crop/Growth_stages_book/p22_23.htm definition_reference: GR:pj comment: Zadok scale-32; Feekes scale-7 term: 3 leaf stage goid: GRO:0007126 definition: Collar of 3rd leaf is visible definition_reference: GR:pj definition_reference: web:http //primera.tamu.edu/ir4/sor-stage.pdf comment: This stage will occur approximately 10 days after emergence, depending on soil temperature, moisture, planting depth, etc. term: 3 leaves unfolded goid: GRO:0007062 definition: definition_reference: web:http //weeds.montana.edu/crop/Growth_stages_book/p22_23.htm definition_reference: GR:pj comment: Zadok scale-13; Haun scale-2.+ term: 3-4 leaves goid: GRO:0007010 definition: 3 or 4 leaf collars visible definition_reference: GR:pj definition_reference: MaizeDB:25331 term: 3/4 of inflorescence emerged goid: GRO:0007099 definition: definition_reference: GR:pj definition_reference: web:http //weeds.montana.edu/crop/Growth_stages_book/p22_23.htm comment: Zadok scale-57; Feekes scale-10.4; Haun scale-10.7 term: 3rd node detectable goid: GRO:0007084 definition: definition_reference: GR:pj definition_reference: web:http //weeds.montana.edu/crop/Growth_stages_book/p22_23.htm comment: Zadok scale-33 term: 4 leaf stage goid: GRO:0007143 definition: Collar of 4th leaf is visible. definition_reference: web:http //primera.tamu.edu/ir4/sor-stage.pdf definition_reference: GR:pj comment: Occurs approximately 15 days after emergence term: 4 leaves unfolded goid: GRO:0007063 definition: definition_reference: GR:pj definition_reference: web:http //weeds.montana.edu/crop/Growth_stages_book/p22_23.htm comment: Zadok scale-14; Haun scale-3.+ term: 4th node detectable goid: GRO:0007085 definition: definition_reference: web:http //weeds.montana.edu/crop/Growth_stages_book/p22_23.htm definition_reference: GR:pj comment: Zadok scale-34 term: 5 leaf stage goid: GRO:0007127 definition: Collar of 5th leaf is visible definition_reference: GR:pj definition_reference: web:http //primera.tamu.edu/ir4/sor-stage.pdf comment: Occurs approximately 20 days after emergence. May have lost 1st leaf (coleoptile) by this time. term: 5 leaves unfolded goid: GRO:0007064 definition: definition_reference: web:http //weeds.montana.edu/crop/Growth_stages_book/p22_23.htm definition_reference: GR:pj comment: Zadok scale-15; Haun scale-4.+ term: 5th node detectable goid: GRO:0007086 definition: definition_reference: GR:pj definition_reference: web:http //weeds.montana.edu/crop/Growth_stages_book/p22_23.htm comment: Zadok scale-35 term: 6 leaves unfolded goid: GRO:0007065 definition: definition_reference: GR:pj definition_reference: web:http //weeds.montana.edu/crop/Growth_stages_book/p22_23.htm comment: Zadok scale-16; Haun scale-5.+ term: 6th node detectable goid: GRO:0007087 definition: definition_reference: web:http //weeds.montana.edu/crop/Growth_stages_book/p22_23.htm definition_reference: GR:pj comment: Zadok scale-36 term: 7 leaves unfolded goid: GRO:0007066 definition: definition_reference: web:http //weeds.montana.edu/crop/Growth_stages_book/p22_23.htm definition_reference: GR:pj comment: Zadok scale-; scale-6.+ term: 8 leaves unfolded goid: GRO:0007067 definition: definition_reference: GR:pj definition_reference: web:http //weeds.montana.edu/crop/Growth_stages_book/p22_23.htm comment: Zadok scale-18; Haun scale-7.+ term: 9 or more leaves unfolded goid: GRO:0007068 definition: When 9 or more leaves have unfolded or exposed. definition_reference: web:http //weeds.montana.edu/crop/Growth_stages_book/p22_23.htm definition_reference: GR:pj comment: Zadok scale-19 term: anthesis goid: GRO:0007101 definition: The time of flowering or pollination. definition_reference: web:http //weeds.montana.edu/crop/Growth_stages_book/p22_23.htm definition_reference: GR:pj term: anthesis goid: GRO:0007021 definition: Anthers are extruded between glume and lemma, pores at the anther tip break open, and pollen is released. Pollen shed occurs first from spikelets slightly above the middle of the central axis of the tassel, then proceeds towards tip and base; pollen shed from lateral branches occurs somewhat later. Due to this sequence of pollen shed, and to asynchronous development of florets within a spikelet, pollen is shed during a period of a week or more definition_reference: GR:pj definition_reference: MaizeDB:67361 term: anthesis beginning goid: GRO:0007102 definition: When the of flowering or pollination has just begun definition_reference: web:http //weeds.montana.edu/crop/Growth_stages_book/p22_23.htm definition_reference: GR:pj comment: Zadok scale-60; Feekes scale-10.51; Haun scale-11.4 term: anthesis completed goid: GRO:0007104 definition: When the flowering or pollination is complete in all florets. definition_reference: web:http //www.extension.umn.edu/distribution/cropsystems/DC2547.html#systems comment: Zadok scale-69; Haun scale-11.6 term: anthesis half-way goid: GRO:0007103 definition: When the of flowering or pollination has occurred on 50 percent of all florets in the inflorescence definition_reference: GR:pj definition_reference: web:http //weeds.montana.edu/crop/Growth_stages_book/p22_23.htm comment: Haun scale-11.5 term: barley growth stage goid: GRO:0007155 definition: The development and growth of cereal barley has been translated into several numeric scales to quantify development for scientific and management purposes. These are based on the most commonly used scales defined by Feekes, Zadok and Haun. definition_reference: GR:pj definition_reference: web:http //weeds.montana.edu/crop/Growth_stages_book/p22_23.htm comment: The curators have extracted the growth stage information based on the document available http://weeds.montana.edu/crop/Growth_stages_book/p22_23.htm term: blister stage goid: GRO:0007030 definition: This stage is initiated when significant starch accumulation begins, approximately 12-17 days after pollination (dap). Kernels appear white and translucent; endosperm and its inner fluid are clear. Endoreduplication, an increase in DNA content in endosperm cells, which began in the transition stage, peaks about 16-18 dap definition_reference: GR:pj definition_reference: MaizeDB:67372 comment: dap is days after pollination term: boot stage goid: GRO:0007130 definition: Leaf collars of all leaves are now visible. Sorghum head is enclosed in the flag leaf sheath definition_reference: web:http //primera.tamu.edu/ir4/sor-stage.pdf definition_reference: GR:pj comment: Peduncle (stalk supporting the head) is beginning to elongate term: booting goid: GRO:0007090 definition: definition_reference: GR:pj definition_reference: web:http //weeds.montana.edu/crop/Growth_stages_book/p22_23.htm comment: Zadok scale-40 term: booting stage goid: GRO:0007148 definition: This stage is characterized by a swelling of the flag leaf sheath, caused by an increase in the size of the panicle as it grows up the leaf sheath. definition_reference: GR:pj definition_reference: web:http //www.uaex.edu/Other_Areas/publications/HTML/MP192/1_Rice_Growth_and_Development_Reproductive.asp term: boots just swollen goid: GRO:0007092 definition: definition_reference: web:http //weeds.montana.edu/crop/Growth_stages_book/p22_23.htm definition_reference: GR:pj comment: Zadok scale-45; Feekes scale-10; Haun scale-9.2 term: callus initiation goid: GRO:0007191 definition: Beginning of the callus formation from a single protoplast or pollen cell definition_reference: GR:pj term: callus promotion goid: GRO:0007192 definition: multiplication of the callus in undifferentiated form definition_reference: GR:pj term: coleoptilar stage goid: GRO:0007031 definition: In the coleoptilar stage, the embryo develops a prominent shoot apical meristem surrounded by the coleoptilar ring, and backed by the flattened, spade-shaped scutellum; it occurs about 12-14 days after pollination definition_reference: GR:pj definition_reference: MaizeDB:67376 term: coleoptile emerged from seed goid: GRO:0007056 definition: definition_reference: GR:pj definition_reference: web:http //weeds.montana.edu/crop/Growth_stages_book/p22_23.htm comment: Zadok scale-7 term: coleoptile emergence from seed goid: GRO:0007006 definition: The coleoptile, enclosing the plumule or embryonic shoot, pushes through the pericarp definition_reference: GR:pj definition_reference: MaizeDB:67352 term: dilatory goid: GRO:0007026 definition: This phase is the initial few days following fertilization, during which time very slow dry matter accumulation occurs in the kernel. In the endosperm, the primary endosperm nucleus divides 2-4 hours after fertilization, followed by rapid synchronous divisions to produce a free nuclear tissue. The fertilized egg undergoes its first division about 10-12 hours after fertilization, and by the end of this stage will have developed into the proembryo with about 12-24 cells definition_reference: GR:pj definition_reference: MaizeDB:67371 term: dough development goid: GRO:0007110 definition: definition_reference: web:http //www.ibiblio.org/botnet/glossary/a_vi.html definition_reference: GR:pj comment: Zadok scale-80 term: dough stage goid: GRO:0007042 definition: One of the ripening stages when endosperm starts hardening. definition_reference: GR:pj term: dry kernel goid: GRO:0007039 definition: The kernel has dried to safe storage moisture, 15% or less definition_reference: GR:pj definition_reference: MaizeDB:67381 term: dry seed goid: GRO:0007052 definition: definition_reference: web:http //weeds.montana.edu/crop/Growth_stages_book/p22_23.htm definition_reference: GR:pj comment: Zadok scale-0 term: ear initiation goid: GRO:0007013 definition: Elongation of apical dome of axillary meristem corresponding to top ear, followed by appearance of spikelet primordia. Typically, in adapted materials in the US Corn Belt, 6-8 leaf collars are visible, but this depends on genotype and environmental conditions. definition_reference: GR:pj definition_reference: MaizeDB:67356 term: early booting stage goid: GRO:0007149 definition: In this stage, meiosis occurs. Panicle continues to grow. definition_reference: web:http //www.uaex.edu/Other_Areas/publications/HTML/MP192/1_Rice_Growth_and_Development_Reproductive.asp definition_reference: GR:pj term: early dough goid: GRO:0007111 definition: definition_reference: GR:pj definition_reference: web:http //weeds.montana.edu/crop/Growth_stages_book/p22_23.htm comment: Zadok scale-83; Haun scale-14 term: early dough stage goid: GRO:0007034 definition: Endosperm fluid has changed to a pasty or soft dough-like consistency; kernels have about 70% moisture; occurs about 22-28 days after pollination. Embryo is at stage 3: third leaf primordium forms; radicle is recognizable within the coleorhiza; embryo is about 3 mm long definition_reference: GR:pj definition_reference: MaizeDB:67374 term: early milk goid: GRO:0007107 definition: definition_reference: GR:pj definition_reference: web:http //weeds.montana.edu/crop/Growth_stages_book/p22_23.htm comment: Zadok scale-73; Haun scale-13 term: embryo development goid: GRO:0007137 definition: Defines all the stages of embryo development from fertilization stage to maturity stage. definition_reference: Oryzabase:Embryo definition_reference: GR:pj term: embryo sac development goid: GRO:0007019 definition: Includes megasporogenesis (female meiosis) and megagametogenesis (beginning with mitotic division of the meiotic products through maturation of the embryo sac) definition_reference: GR:pj definition_reference: MaizeDB:67384 term: embryo stage goid: GRO:0007141 definition: From fertilization, embryo formation to ripening and maturation definition_reference: GR:pj definition_reference: web:http //www.uaex.edu/Other_Areas/publications/HTML/MP192/1_Rice_Growth_and_Development_Ripening.asp comment: Light intensity is very important during this interval since 60 percent or more of the carbohydrates used in grain filling are photosynthesized during this time interval. High temperatures tend to reduce the grain filling period and may reduce grain weight. Low temperatures tend to lengthen the time required for grain fill and ripening. term: embryo stage EM1 goid: GRO:0007168 definition: The stage marked by the fertilization event. definition_reference: Oryzabase:Embryo definition_reference: GR:pj comment: Occurs at zero days after pollination. Number of embryo cells at this stage are one (zygote). term: embryo stage EM10 goid: GRO:0007177 definition: Embryo gains dormancy and tolerance for dessication. Embryonic shoot, radicle, scutellum, epiblast and bundle shearth are mature. definition_reference: GR:pj definition_reference: Oryzabase:Embryo definition_reference: GR_ref:6590 comment: Occurs at 21 and onwards of days after pollination. term: embryo stage EM2 goid: GRO:0007171 definition: First division of fertilized egg. Globular stage. ca.25-cell stage marked with rapid cell division. definition_reference: Oryzabase:Leaf definition_reference: GR:pj comment: Occurs at one day after pollination. term: embryo stage EM3 goid: GRO:0007170 definition: Globular stage of the embryo. definition_reference: Oryzabase:Embryo definition_reference: GR:pj comment: Occurs at tow days after pollination. term: embryo stage EM4 goid: GRO:0007173 definition: It's a globular stage with oblong-shaped embryo. Marked by onset of exponential increase in size and cell number. Formation of gradient of cell size along dorsoventral direction and marked regionalization in the developing embryo. definition_reference: GR:pj definition_reference: Oryzabase:Embryo comment: Occurs at three days after pollination. term: embryo stage EM5 goid: GRO:0007169 definition: Marked with onset of coleoptile, stem apical meristem (SAM) and radicle differentiation. definition_reference: GR:pj definition_reference: Oryzabase:Embryo comment: Occurs at four days after pollination. term: embryo stage EM6 goid: GRO:0007172 definition: Protrusion of first leaf primordium and enlargement of scutellum occurs at this stage. Marks the onset of juvenile vegetative stage. definition_reference: GR:pj definition_reference: Oryzabase:Embryo comment: Occurs at five-six days after pollination. Expression of Amy1A (GR_protein_id=77717) in scutellar epithelium appears. term: embryo stage EM7 goid: GRO:0007174 definition: Identified by protrusion of 2nd and 3rd leaf primordiaand epiblast. definition_reference: GR:pj definition_reference: Oryzabase:Embryo comment: Occurs at seven-eight days after pollination. term: embryo stage EM8 goid: GRO:0007175 definition: Enlargement of embryo parts and morphological completion. definition_reference: Oryzabase:Embryo definition_reference: GR:pj comment: Occurs at nine-ten days after pollination. Expression of maturation-related genes such as OsEM (GR_protein_id=77791), Rab16A, VP1 (GR_protein_id=78075, 89294) obesrved. term: embryo stage EM9 goid: GRO:0007176 definition: Embryo maturation process begins. definition_reference: GR:pj definition_reference: Oryzabase:Embryo definition_reference: GR_ref:6590 comment: Occurs at eleven-twenty days after pollination. Expression of maturation-related genes such as OsEM (GR_protein_id=77791), Rab16A, VP1 (GR_protein_id=78075, 89294) obesrved. term: embryo-1 goid: GRO:0007032 definition: Embryo stage 1 is defined by the appearance of first leaf primordium from the shoot apical meristem; it occurs about 14-18 days after pollination, when embryo is slightly more than 1 mm long definition_reference: GR:pj definition_reference: MaizeDB:67377 comment: Stage 1 embryos are often used to initiate embryonic callus in tissue culture experiments term: emergence of inflorescence completed goid: GRO:0007100 definition: definition_reference: web:http //weeds.montana.edu/crop/Growth_stages_book/p22_23.htm definition_reference: GR:pj comment: Zadok scale-59; Feekes scale-10.5; Haun scale-11 term: exponential goid: GRO:0007027 definition: The phase with increased metabolic activity and rapid kernel development that links the dilatory phase with the linear grain-filling period. It occurs approximately 5-12 days after pollination (dap). In the endosperm, cell walls are laid down beginning about 5 dap, changing the free nuclear tissue into a cellular one. The embryo continues in the proembryo stage through about 10 dap. MaizeDB includes a sub-stage. definition_reference: GR:pj definition_reference: MaizeDB:67369 term: fertilization goid: GRO:0007024 definition: Fertilization occurs 16-24 hours after pollination. It consists of the simultaneous fusion of 1 sperm cell with the egg to form the diploid zygote, and the other sperm cell with 2 polar nuclei to form the triploid primary endosperm nucleus definition_reference: GR:pj definition_reference: MAizeDB:67365 term: first awns visible goid: GRO:0007094 definition: definition_reference: GR:pj definition_reference: web:http //weeds.montana.edu/crop/Growth_stages_book/p22_23.htm comment: Zadok scale-49; Haun scale-10.1 term: first leaf through coleoptile goid: GRO:0007059 definition: definition_reference: GR:pj definition_reference: web:http //weeds.montana.edu/crop/Growth_stages_book/p22_23.htm comment: Zadok scale-10; Feekes scale-1 term: first leaf unfolded goid: GRO:0007060 definition: definition_reference: web:http //weeds.montana.edu/crop/Growth_stages_book/p22_23.htm definition_reference: GR:pj comment: Zadok scale-11; Haun scale-1.+ term: first spikelet of inflorescence visible goid: GRO:0007096 definition: definition_reference: GR:pj definition_reference: web:http //weeds.montana.edu/crop/Growth_stages_book/p22_23.htm comment: Zadok scale-50; Feekes scale-10.1; Haun scale-10.2 term: flag leaf just visible goid: GRO:0007088 definition: definition_reference: GR:pj definition_reference: web:http //weeds.montana.edu/crop/Growth_stages_book/p22_23.htm comment: Zadok scale-37; Feekes scale-8 term: flag leaf ligule/collar just visible goid: GRO:0007089 definition: definition_reference: web:http //weeds.montana.edu/crop/Growth_stages_book/p22_23.htm definition_reference: GR:pj comment: Zadok scale-39; Feekes scale-9 term: flag leaf sheath extending goid: GRO:0007091 definition: definition_reference: web:http //weeds.montana.edu/crop/Growth_stages_book/p22_23.htm definition_reference: GR:pj comment: Zadok scale-41; Haun scale-8 to 9 term: flag leaf sheath opening goid: GRO:0007093 definition: definition_reference: GR:pj definition_reference: web:http //weeds.montana.edu/crop/Growth_stages_book/p22_23.htm comment: Zadok scale-47 term: flag leaf visible goid: GRO:0007129 definition: Tip of the flag leaf (last leaf) is visible in the whorl. definition_reference: GR:pj definition_reference: web:http //primera.tamu.edu/ir4/sor-stage.pdf comment: The last 3 to 4 leaves may not be fully expanded (collars not visible). term: flowering goid: GRO:0007153 definition: Occurs when 50% of the plants in the field are in some stage of bloom definition_reference: web:http //primera.tamu.edu/ir4/sor-stage.pdf definition_reference: GR:pj comment: Flowering occurs over a 4 to 9 day period. term: flowering goid: GRO:0007020 definition: The term "flowering" is used here to encompass the processes of anthesis (pollen shed), silking (emergence of styles from husk), pollination, and fertilization definition_reference: GR:pj definition_reference: MaizeDB:13811 term: flowering stage goid: GRO:0007151 definition: Refers to the events between the opening and closing of floret definition_reference: GR:pj definition_reference: web:http //www.uaex.edu/Other_Areas/publications/HTML/MP192/1_Rice_Growth_and_Development_Reproductive.asp comment: The events occurring in this stage are: (a). The tips of the lemma and palea (hulls) open. #(b) The filaments elongate.# (c). The anthers exsert from the lemma and palea. #(d). As the lemma and palea open further, the tips of the feathery stigma become visible. #(e). The filaments elongate past the tips of lemma and palea. #(f). The spikelet closes, leaving the anther outside. Anther dehiscence (pollen shed) usually occurs just prior to or at the time the lemma and palea open (step a). term: gametophyte development goid: GRO:0007017 definition: Includes both male (pollen) and female (embryo sac) gametophyte development, which are sub stages of this stage definition_reference: GR:pj definition_reference: MAizeDB:67385 term: germination goid: GRO:0007003 definition: Process by which embryonic organs formed during kernel development and which have been dormant in the dry seed, resume their growth under appropriate temperature and moisture conditions definition_reference: GR:pj definition_reference: MaizeDB:64055 term: germination goid: GRO:0007051 definition: definition_reference: web:http //weeds.montana.edu/crop/Growth_stages_book/p22_23.htm definition_reference: GR:pj term: germination goid: GRO:0007043 definition: Occurs when the seed coat has imbibed adequate water becoming soft and elastic. The coleorhiza elongates slightly, emerging through the seed coat and the radicle breaks through the coleorhiza and becomes anchored in the soil definition_reference: GR:pj definition_reference: web:http //www.uaex.edu/Other_Areas/publications/HTML/MP192/1_Rice_Growth_and_Development_Vegetative.asp comment: Thus, under dry-seeded or aerobic conditions, the radicle emerges before the coleoptile. Under water-seeded or reduced oxygen (anaerobic) conditions, the coleoptile may emerge before the root. The coleoptile continues to elongate and several lateral roots called seminal roots form. term: growing point differentiation goid: GRO:0007128 definition: Growing point visible above the soil surface. definition_reference: web:http //primera.tamu.edu/ir4/sor-stage.pdf definition_reference: GR:pj comment: Occurs approximately 30 to 35 days after emergence. Generally corresponds with the 7 to 8 leaf stage. May have lost 1 to 3 leaves from the bottom of the plant. term: hard dough goid: GRO:0007134 definition: Cannot squeeze grain between the fingers. definition_reference: web:http //primera.tamu.edu/ir4/sor-stage.pdf definition_reference: GR:pj comment: Three-fourths of grain dry weight has accumulated term: hard dough goid: GRO:0007113 definition: definition_reference: web:http //weeds.montana.edu/crop/Growth_stages_book/p22_23.htm definition_reference: GR:pj comment: Zadok scale-87; Haun scale-15 term: hard dough stage goid: GRO:0007154 definition: The whole grain is firm during this stage and almost ready for harvest. The moisture content is still above 22 percent. definition_reference: GR:pj definition_reference: web:http //www.uaex.edu/Other_Areas/publications/HTML/MP192/1_Rice_Growth_and_Development_Ripening.asp term: heading goid: GRO:0007131 definition: 50% of the plants in the field have visible heads definition_reference: GR:pj definition_reference: web:http //primera.tamu.edu/ir4/sor-stage.pdf term: heading stage goid: GRO:0007044 definition: is the time when the panicle begins to exsert from the boot. definition_reference: web:http //www.uaex.edu/Other_Areas/publications/HTML/MP192/1_Rice_Growth_and_Development_Reproductive.asp definition_reference: GR:pj comment: Heading may take over 10 to 14 days due to variations within tillers on the same plant and between plants in the field. Agronomically, “heading date” is defined as the time when 50 percent of the panicles have at least partially exserted from the boot. term: imbibition goid: GRO:0007194 definition: Adsorption of water by colloidal materials of the seed, leading to seed swelling and increased metabolic activity in the initial stages of germination. definition_reference: GR:pj definition_reference: MaizeDB:64054 term: imbibition complete goid: GRO:0007054 definition: When the imbibition of the seed is complete. definition_reference: GR:pj definition_reference: web:http //weeds.montana.edu/crop/Growth_stages_book/p22_23.htm comment: Zadok scale-3 term: kernel hard goid: GRO:0007116 definition: definition_reference: GR:pj definition_reference: web:http //weeds.montana.edu/crop/Growth_stages_book/p22_23.htm comment: No longer dented with thumbnail. #Zadok scale-92; Feekes scale-11.4; Haun scale-16 term: kernel loosening in daytime goid: GRO:0007117 definition: definition_reference: web:http //weeds.montana.edu/crop/Growth_stages_book/p22_23.htm definition_reference: GR:pj comment: Zadok scale-93 term: kernel medium hard goid: GRO:0007115 definition: definition_reference: web:http //weeds.montana.edu/crop/Growth_stages_book/p22_23.htm definition_reference: GR:pj comment: Difficult to divide with thumbnail. #Zadok scale-91; Feekes scale-11.3 term: kernel watery ripe goid: GRO:0007106 definition: definition_reference: web:http //weeds.montana.edu/crop/Growth_stages_book/p22_23.htm definition_reference: GR:pj comment: Zadok scale-71; Feekes scale-10.54; Haun scale-12.1 term: late booting stage goid: GRO:0007150 definition: In this stage the flag leaf has completely extended. It occurs about 6 days prior to heading. definition_reference: GR:pj definition_reference: web:http //www.uaex.edu/Other_Areas/publications/HTML/MP192/1_Rice_Growth_and_Development_Reproductive.asp term: late dough stage goid: GRO:0007035 definition: Endosperm consistency checked by firmer dough than in the previous stage. Towards end of this stage, in dent genotypes, kernels begin to dent on top; occurs about 28-35 days after pollination. Embryo is at stage 4: fourth leaf primordium has formed; embryo is 5-6 mm long definition_reference: GR:pj definition_reference: MaizeDB:67379 term: late milk goid: GRO:0007109 definition: definition_reference: GR:pj definition_reference: web:http //weeds.montana.edu/crop/Growth_stages_book/p22_23.htm comment: Zadok scale-77 term: late vegetative goid: GRO:0007016 definition: Late vegetative stage, corresponding to the 15-leaf stage or later in adapted hybrids in the US Corn Belt, which normally have a total of about 20 leaves. Depending on genotype and environmental conditions, a corn plant may develop a total of 10-30 leaves. Ear is developing rapidly and silk elongation begins. Female meiosis begins when silks are approx. 2 mm long and ears approx. 2 cm long. Brace roots begin growing; a new leaf is added every 1-2 days definition_reference: GR:pj definition_reference: MaizeDB:67360 term: late whorl stage goid: GRO:0007014 definition: In adapted materials in the US Corn Belt, the collars of leaves 9-11 are visible (some of the lowest leaves may already have degenerated by this stage). By 10-leaf stage, new leaves appear every 2-3 days. Tassel development accelerates, and rapid stem elongation continues. definition_reference: GR:pj definition_reference: MaizeDB:67357 term: leaf development goid: GRO:0007138 definition: Defines all the stages of leaf development from recruitment of leaf primordial cells to fully developed leaf. definition_reference: Oryzabase:Embryo definition_reference: GR:pj term: leaf just at coleoptile tip goid: GRO:0007057 definition: The leaf has just emerged. definition_reference: web:http //weeds.montana.edu/crop/Growth_stages_book/p22_23.htm definition_reference: GR:pj comment: Zadok scale-9; Haun scale-0 term: leaf stage P0 goid: GRO:0007161 definition: Recruitment of leaf founder or primordial cells occurs. definition_reference: Oryzabase:Leaf definition_reference: GR:pj comment: Marked by downregulation of Osh1 gene (GR_protein_id=77897) and expression of OsPnh gene (GR_protein_id=90881). term: leaf stage P1 goid: GRO:0007164 definition: Protrusion of leaf primordium and elongation of leaf margin around stem apical meristem (SAM) occurs. definition_reference: Oryzabase:Leaf definition_reference: GR:pj term: leaf stage P2 goid: GRO:0007163 definition: Foot-like shape, with overlapping of two leaf margins occurs along with differentiation of vascular bundle and etablishment of leaf domains along the central-marginal axis. definition_reference: Oryzabase:Leaf definition_reference: GR:pj term: leaf stage P3 goid: GRO:0007166 definition: Formation of ligule primordia and leaf blade and leaf sheath boundary occurs, along with differentiation of sclerenchymatous cells and initiation of epidermis. definition_reference: GR:pj definition_reference: Oryzabase:Leaf term: leaf stage P4 goid: GRO:0007162 definition: Elongation of leaf blade occurs along with differentiation of epidermis specific bulliform cells, silica cells, cork cells and stomata. definition_reference: Oryzabase:Leaf definition_reference: GR:pj term: leaf stage P5 goid: GRO:0007165 definition: Elongation of leaf sheath, emergence of leaf blade from the sheath of preceeding leaf and formation of lacunae occurs. The leaf blade, sheath, ligule and auricles are fully developed in the juvenile leaf. definition_reference: Oryzabase:Leaf definition_reference: GR:pj term: leaf stage PX goid: GRO:0007167 definition: Completely mature adult leaf. definition_reference: GR:pj definition_reference: Oryzabase:Leaf term: leveling off of grain-filling goid: GRO:0007036 definition: Rate of dry matter accumulation in kernel diminishes as endosperm transfer cells are crushed. All or nearly all kernels are dented (in a dent genotype); kernels are about 50-55% moisture; husk has begun to dry rapidly; occurs about 35-42 days after pollination. Embryo is at stage 5, fifth leaf primordium has formed and lateral seminal root primordia can be observed definition_reference: GR:pj definition_reference: MaizeDB:67382 term: linear grain-filling goid: GRO:0007029 definition: Stage of rapid, nearly linear increase in kernel dry matter, that begins about 2 weeks after pollination and lasts almost until physiological maturity definition_reference: GR:pj definition_reference: MaizeDB:64632 term: main shoot and 1 tiller goid: GRO:0007071 definition: definition_reference: web:http //weeds.montana.edu/crop/Growth_stages_book/p22_23.htm definition_reference: GR:pj comment: Zadok scale-21; Feekes scale-2 term: main shoot and 2 tillers goid: GRO:0007072 definition: definition_reference: GR:pj definition_reference: web:http //weeds.montana.edu/crop/Growth_stages_book/p22_23.htm comment: Zadok scale-22 term: main shoot and 3 tillers goid: GRO:0007073 definition: definition_reference: web:http //weeds.montana.edu/crop/Growth_stages_book/p22_23.htm definition_reference: GR:pj comment: Zadok scale-23 term: main shoot and 4 tillers goid: GRO:0007074 definition: definition_reference: GR:pj definition_reference: web:http //weeds.montana.edu/crop/Growth_stages_book/p22_23.htm comment: Zadok scale-24 term: main shoot and 5 tillers goid: GRO:0007075 definition: definition_reference: web:http //weeds.montana.edu/crop/Growth_stages_book/p22_23.htm definition_reference: GR:pj comment: Zadok scale-25 term: main shoot and 6 tillers goid: GRO:0007076 definition: definition_reference: GR:pj definition_reference: web:http //weeds.montana.edu/crop/Growth_stages_book/p22_23.htm comment: Zadok scale-26; Feekes scale-3 term: main shoot and 7 tillers goid: GRO:0007077 definition: definition_reference: web:http //weeds.montana.edu/crop/Growth_stages_book/p22_23.htm definition_reference: GR:pj comment: Zadok scale-27 term: main shoot and 8 tillers goid: GRO:0007078 definition: definition_reference: GR:pj definition_reference: web:http //weeds.montana.edu/crop/Growth_stages_book/p22_23.htm comment: Zadok scale-28 term: main shoot and 9 or more tillers goid: GRO:0007079 definition: definition_reference: web:http //weeds.montana.edu/crop/Growth_stages_book/p22_23.htm definition_reference: GR:pj comment: Zadok scale-29 term: main shoot only goid: GRO:0007070 definition: definition_reference: GR:pj definition_reference: web:http //weeds.montana.edu/crop/Growth_stages_book/p22_23.htm comment: Zadok scale-20 term: maize growth stage goid: GRO:0007002 definition: The development and growth of maize have been translated into several scales to quantify development for scientific and management purposes. The growth stage terms and their descriptors were provided by the MaizeDB. definition_reference: GR:pj definition_reference: MaizeDB:lv definition_reference: web:http //www.agron.missouri.edu/phenotypes.html term: mature grain stage goid: GRO:0007045 definition: The whole grain is hard and ready for harvest. This stage is reached at approximately 15-20 percent moisture definition_reference: GR:pj definition_reference: web:http //www.uaex.edu/Other_Areas/publications/HTML/MP192/1_Rice_Growth_and_Development_Ripening.asp term: maturity goid: GRO:0007037 definition: The stage begins at physiological maturity (when the kernel has approximately 30-35% moisture) and continues through dry kernel (15% moisture or less). This stage is subdivided into the two stages listed above. definition_reference: GR:pj definition_reference: MaizeDB:11088 term: maximum tillering goid: GRO:0007144 definition: tillering increases in a sigmoidal-shaped curve until the maximum tiller number is reached. At this point, the main culm may be difficult to distinguish from the tiller. definition_reference: GR:pj definition_reference: web:http //www.uaex.edu/Other_Areas/publications/HTML/MP192/1_Rice_Growth_and_Development_Vegetative.asp comment: After maximum tillering has occurred, no more effective tillers are produced. A portion of the late tillers will generally die due to competition effects term: medium milk goid: GRO:0007108 definition: definition_reference: web:http //weeds.montana.edu/crop/Growth_stages_book/p22_23.htm definition_reference: GR:pj comment: Zadok scale-75; Feekes scale-11.1 term: mid-vegetative goid: GRO:0007015 definition: Rapid stem elongation continues. In adapted materials in the US Corn Belt, 12-14 leaf collars are visible. Number of ovules (potential kernels) is being determined. Male meiosis begins about this time definition_reference: MaizeDB:67359 definition_reference: GR:pj term: milk development goid: GRO:0007105 definition: definition_reference: web:http //weeds.montana.edu/crop/Growth_stages_book/p22_23.htm definition_reference: GR:pj comment: Zadok scale-70 term: milk stage goid: GRO:0007046 definition: At this stage, the developing starch grains in the kernel are soft, and the interior of the kernel is filled with a white liquid resembling milk. definition_reference: GR:pj definition_reference: web:http //www.uaex.edu/Other_Areas/publications/HTML/MP192/1_Rice_Growth_and_Development_Ripening.asp term: milk stage goid: GRO:0007033 definition: Endosperm fluid has changed from clear to a milky white, more viscous substance due to accumulating starch; kernels are about 80% moisture; aleurone color characteristic of the genotype appears; occurs about 18-22 days after pollination definition_reference: GR:pj definition_reference: MaizeDB:67373 comment: The embryo is at stage 2: second leaf primordium is formed, and embryo length is approx. 2 mm term: oat growth stage goid: GRO:0007050 definition: The development and growth of cereal oat has been translated into several numeric scales to quantify development for scientific and management purposes. These are based on the most commonly used scales defined by Feekes, Zadok and Haun. definition_reference: GR:pj definition_reference: web:http //weeds.montana.edu/crop/Growth_stages_book/p22_23.htm comment: The curators have extracted the growth stage information based on the document available http://weeds.montana.edu/crop/Growth_stages_book/p22_23.htm term: overripe, straw dead and collapsing goid: GRO:0007118 definition: definition_reference: GR:pj definition_reference: web:http //weeds.montana.edu/crop/Growth_stages_book/p22_23.htm comment: Zadok scale-94 term: ovule development goid: GRO:0007160 definition: Defines all the stages of ovule development from carpel primordium formation to megagametogenesis. definition_reference: Oryzabase:Embryo definition_reference: GR:pj term: ovule stage OV0 goid: GRO:0007178 definition: Starts with carpel primordium formation. definition_reference: GR:pj definition_reference: Oryzabase:Ovule comment: Panicle length at this stage is less than 0.3 cm. term: ovule stage OV1 goid: GRO:0007181 definition: Ovule primordium formation and carpel elongation occurs. definition_reference: GR:pj definition_reference: GR_Ref:2512 definition_reference: Oryzabase:Ovule comment: Panicle length at this stage is about 0.3-1.0 cm. term: ovule stage OV10 goid: GRO:0007186 definition: Embryosac matures. The events include, polarization of the egg cell and synergids, fusion of the polar nuclei and mitosis of the antipodal cells to yield as many as eight cells. A single layer of four to five nucellus cells borders the micropyle. definition_reference: GR:pj definition_reference: GR_Ref:2512 definition_reference: Oryzabase:Ovule comment: Panicle length at this stage is about 18-25 cm. term: ovule stage OV2 goid: GRO:0007180 definition: Integument primordia are initiated on both sides of the ovule primordium. Megasporogenesis starts with the formation of archespore from one of the subepidermal cells in the nucellus. The archespore is distinguished by its large size. definition_reference: GR_Ref:2512 definition_reference: GR:pj definition_reference: Oryzabase:Ovule comment: Panicle length at this stage is about 1-3 cm. term: ovule stage OV3 goid: GRO:0007183 definition: Integument primordia starts differentiation, firstly into outer integumnet and later into the outer integument. Funiculus develops on adaxial side of the ovary. Teh archespore expands and differentiates into the megaspore mother cell. The megaspore mother cell is polarized with its nucleus at the micropylar end. definition_reference: GR_Ref:2512 definition_reference: GR:pj definition_reference: Oryzabase:Ovule comment: Panicle length at this stage is about 3-5 cm. term: ovule stage OV4 goid: GRO:0007179 definition: Meiotic division of the megaspore mother cell results in a linear tetrad of megaspores. The inner integument elongation also occurs. definition_reference: GR_Ref:2512 definition_reference: Oryzabase:Ovule definition_reference: GR:pj comment: Panicle length at this stage is about 5-7 cm. term: ovule stage OV5 goid: GRO:0007182 definition: The inner integument fully encloses the nucellus, except for the area where micropyle forms. The ovule acquires an anatropous shape by rotating 60 degrees from its original position. definition_reference: GR:pj definition_reference: GR_Ref:2512 definition_reference: Oryzabase:Ovule comment: Panicle length at this stage is about 7-10 cm. term: ovule stage OV6 goid: GRO:0007184 definition: Micropylar megaspore degenrates and the functional megaspore enlarges. definition_reference: GR_Ref:2512 definition_reference: Oryzabase:Ovule definition_reference: GR:pj comment: Panicle length at this stage is about 10-12 cm. term: ovule stage OV7 goid: GRO:0007185 definition: The developing embryosac is at the two-nucleate megagametophyte stage. Degenrate megaspores are still visible. Marks the start of megagametogenesis. definition_reference: GR:pj definition_reference: GR_Ref:2512 definition_reference: Oryzabase:Ovule comment: Panicle length at this stage is about 12-14 cm. term: ovule stage OV8 goid: GRO:0007188 definition: Large central vacuole develops between the two two nuclei of megagametophyte, followed by mitosis of both the nuclei, resulting in the four nucleate stage. definition_reference: GR_Ref:2512 definition_reference: Oryzabase:Ovule definition_reference: GR:pj comment: Panicle length at this stage is about 14-16 cm. term: ovule stage OV9 goid: GRO:0007187 definition: Formationc of eight nucleate megagametophyte, followed by migration of the nuclei and cellularization. The ovule rotates approximately 90 degrees from its original position. definition_reference: GR:pj definition_reference: GR_Ref:2512 definition_reference: Oryzabase:Ovule comment: Panicle length at this stage is about 6-18 cm. term: panicle development goid: GRO:0007157 definition: Defines all the stages of panicle or rice inflorescence development from switching over of the stem apical meristem into rachis meristem to mature panicle formation. definition_reference: Oryzabase:Embryo definition_reference: GR:pj term: panicle differentiation stage goid: GRO:0007041 definition: At this point, the panicle is 1 to 2 mm in length and the branching of the panicle is visible definition_reference: web:http //www.uaex.edu/Other_Areas/publications/HTML/MP192/1_Rice_Growth_and_Development_Reproductive.asp definition_reference: GR:pj comment: In parallel the stem elongation is continuing term: panicle initiation stage goid: GRO:0007147 definition: Is the time when the panicle primordia initiate the production of a panicle in the uppermost node of the culm definition_reference: GR:pj definition_reference: web:http //www.uaex.edu/Other_Areas/publications/HTML/MP192/1_Rice_Growth_and_Development_Reproductive.asp comment: A thin green band is visible just above the top node, and represents the very beginning of internode elongation (stem elongation stage) and is evident for only a couple of days term: panicle stage PA1 goid: GRO:0007189 definition: Starts with conversion of stem apical meristem into inflorescence (panicle) apical meristem or rachis meristem. definition_reference: GR:pj definition_reference: Oryzabase:Panicle term: panicle stage PA2 goid: GRO:0007196 definition: Rachis meristem enlarges and first bract formation occurs. definition_reference: Oryzabase:Panicle definition_reference: GR:pj term: panicle stage PA3 goid: GRO:0007201 definition: Rachis meristem enlarges and second bract formation occurs. definition_reference: GR:pj definition_reference: Oryzabase:Panicle term: panicle stage PA4 goid: GRO:0007195 definition: Formation of third and subsequent bracts and 7-15 primary branch primordia occurs. Rachis meristem aborts turning the panicle into a determinate inflorescence from its indeterminate type in early stages of development. definition_reference: Oryzabase:Panicle definition_reference: GR:pj comment: Rachis is about 0.1 mm in length. term: panicle stage PA5 goid: GRO:0007200 definition: Elongation of primary branch primordia occurs. definition_reference: GR:pj definition_reference: Oryzabase:Panicle comment: Marked by down regulation of OsH1 gene in rachis meristem. Rachis is less than 0.5 mm in length. term: panicle stage PA6 goid: GRO:0007190 definition: Formation of lateral meristems from primary rachis meristem occurs. definition_reference: Oryzabase:Panicle definition_reference: GR:pj comment: Rachis is about 0.7 mm in length. term: panicle stage PA7 goid: GRO:0007198 definition: Formation of spikelets and florets occurs. definition_reference: GR:pj definition_reference: Oryzabase:Panicle comment: Rachis is more than 1 mm in length. term: physiological maturity goid: GRO:0007135 definition: This stage is identified by the dark spot on the tip of the kernel. Grain will contain 25 to 35% moisture. definition_reference: GR:pj definition_reference: web:http //primera.tamu.edu/ir4/sor-stage.pdf comment: Maximum total dry weight has been achieved term: physiological maturity goid: GRO:0007038 definition: Occurs when grain dry matter accumulation ceases and a black abscission layer forms at the base of the kernel, approx. 50-65 days after pollination; grain moisture is about 30-35%. Embryo is at stage 6: a sixth leaf primordium may have formed, although many genotypes form only 5 embryonic leaves; dormancy occurs after massive hydration of embryo cells definition_reference: GR:pj definition_reference: MaizeDB:67380 term: plant growth stage ontology goid: GRO:0007199 definition: Ontology of the growth stages in various cereal crops. definition_reference: GR:pj comment: This is a very first version of growth ontology in cereal crops. In the later versions efforts will be made to combine the growth stages from different cereals by making them instances of top level terms for growth stages such as embryonic, vegetative, reproductive and maturing/ripening stages. term: plantlet regeneration goid: GRO:0007193 definition: Differentiation of the callus tissue in the plantlet form. definition_reference: GR:pj term: pollen development goid: GRO:0007018 definition: Microsporogenesis, or pollen development, includes all stages from microsporocyte meiosis through the mature pollen grain definition_reference: GR:pj definition_reference: MaizeDB:67383 term: pollination goid: GRO:0007023 definition: Pollen lands on a silk hair, hydrates, and germinates by sending out a pollen tube through the pollen pore. The pollen tube grows rapidly (0.5 cm/hr) down the length of the silk to the ovary and the embryo sac definition_reference: GR:pj definition_reference: MAizeDB:67364 term: post-flowering goid: GRO:0007025 definition: The period of slow kernel growth between fertilization and the beginning of linear grain-filling, lasting roughly 10-12 days. Some workers divides this period into dilatory and exponential phases, which approximately coincide with the endosperm's free nuclear and mitotic stages, respectively. From about 4-10 days after pollination, the embryo is in the proembryo stage, a club-shaped mass of cells with little differentiation except for a basal suspensor region, and an apical region of smaller cells, the embryo proper definition_reference: GR:pj definition_reference: MaizeDB:67370 term: pseudo stem erection goid: GRO:0007081 definition: definition_reference: GR:pj definition_reference: web:http //weeds.montana.edu/crop/Growth_stages_book/p22_23.htm comment: Zadok scale-30; Feekes scale 4-5 term: radicle emerged from seed goid: GRO:0007055 definition: definition_reference: GR:pj definition_reference: web:http //weeds.montana.edu/crop/Growth_stages_book/p22_23.htm comment: Zadok scale-5 term: radicle emergence from seed goid: GRO:0007005 definition: The radicle and its enclosing sheath, the coleorhiza, break through the pericarp definition_reference: GR:pj definition_reference: MaizeDB:67351 term: rapid stem elongation goid: GRO:0007012 definition: After tassel initiation, stem length begins to increase rapidly, through elongation of cells formed by the intercalary meristem at the base of above-ground internodes. The rate of elongation decreases prior to anthesis, but plant height may continue to increase until after flowering definition_reference: GR:pj definition_reference: MaizeDB:67358 term: ratooning stage goid: GRO:0007145 definition: Producing new tillers from nodes after harvest definition_reference: GR:pj , JCL comment: Excluding germination and early seedling stages, it begins a fresh cycle producing new tillers from nodes post-harvest. It may or may not be considered as a growth stage by others. However, Gramene is proposing it to be included as one of the new growth stage. term: reproductive stage goid: GRO:0007140 definition: Stages from panicle initiation to heading definition_reference: GR:pj definition_reference: web:http //www.uaex.edu/Other_Areas/publications/HTML/MP192/1_Rice_Growth_and_Development_Reproductive.asp term: rice growth stage unknown goid: GRO:0007004 definition: A case when it is difficult to annotate the growth stage defined in an experiment definition_reference: GR:pj term: rice plant growth stage goid: GRO:0007001 definition: The gross develomental stages defined for the plant. definition_reference: GR:pj term: rice plant part development stage goid: GRO:0007136 definition: The developmental stages of individual plant parts or organs definition_reference: GR:pj term: ripening goid: GRO:0007114 definition: definition_reference: GR:pj definition_reference: web:http //weeds.montana.edu/crop/Growth_stages_book/p22_23.htm comment: Zadok scale-90 term: secondary dormancy induced goid: GRO:0007122 definition: definition_reference: web:http //weeds.montana.edu/crop/Growth_stages_book/p22_23.htm definition_reference: GR:pj comment: Zadok scale-98 term: secondary dormancy lost goid: GRO:0007123 definition: definition_reference: GR:pj definition_reference: web:http //weeds.montana.edu/crop/Growth_stages_book/p22_23.htm comment: Zadok scale-99 term: seed dormant goid: GRO:0007119 definition: definition_reference: web:http //weeds.montana.edu/crop/Growth_stages_book/p22_23.htm definition_reference: GR:pj comment: Zadok scale-95 term: seed not dormant goid: GRO:0007121 definition: definition_reference: GR:pj definition_reference: web:http //weeds.montana.edu/crop/Growth_stages_book/p22_23.htm comment: Zadok scale-97 term: seedling goid: GRO:0007007 definition: Commonly refers to the growth stage between germination and tassel differentiation, with a duration of approximately three weeks for adapted cultivars in the US Corn Belt definition_reference: GR:pj definition_reference: MaizeDB:1863 term: seedling goid: GRO:0007047 definition: occurs when the first internode called the mesocotyl has elongated and pushed the tip of the rice coleoptile (epiblast or first sheathing leaf) through the soil surface definition_reference: GR:pj definition_reference: web:http //www.uaex.edu/Other_Areas/publications/HTML/MP192/1_Rice_Growth_and_Development_Vegetative.asp comment: The length of the mesocotyl varies with cultivars. Some Semi-dwarf varieties may have a very short mesocotyl and generally will not emerge if covered by more than 1/2 to 3/4 inch of soil. The mesocotyl only develops in the dark and doesn’t show up in water-seeded rice term: seedling emergence goid: GRO:0007008 definition: Coleoptile appears above the soil surface. Nodal roots begin to develop. definition_reference: GR:pj definition_reference: MaizeDB:64057 term: seedling emergence goid: GRO:0007125 definition: Coleoptile visible at soil surface. definition_reference: web:http //primera.tamu.edu/ir4/sor-stage.pdf definition_reference: GR:pj comment: Coleoptile is the first leaf and is shorter than the later emerging leaves and has a rounded tip term: silking goid: GRO:0007022 definition: Silks (styles) emerge from the husks at the ear tip. Normally the first silks appear slightly after anthesis begins, but this interval can be delayed by drought or other stresses. Silks of spikelets at the base of the ear emerge prior to those from more apical spikelets definition_reference: GR:pj definition_reference: MaizeDB:67362 term: soft dough goid: GRO:0007133 definition: Grain can be easily squeezed between the fingers definition_reference: GR:pj definition_reference: web:http //primera.tamu.edu/ir4/sor-stage.pdf comment: 8 to 12 functional leaves present. One half of grain dry weight has accumulated. term: soft dough goid: GRO:0007112 definition: definition_reference: GR:pj definition_reference: web:http //weeds.montana.edu/crop/Growth_stages_book/p22_23.htm comment: Zadok scale-85; Feekes scale-11.2 term: soft dough stage goid: GRO:0007152 definition: The starch in the grain begins to become firm but is still soft definition_reference: GR:pj definition_reference: web:http //www.uaex.edu/Other_Areas/publications/HTML/MP192/1_Rice_Growth_and_Development_Ripening.asp term: sorghum growth stage goid: GRO:0007124 definition: Sorghum Development and Key Growth Stages as described by Brent Bean and Carl Patrick, Extension Agronomist and Entomologist at the Texas A&M, Agricultural Research and Extension station. definition_reference: web:http //primera.tamu.edu/ir4/sor-stage.pdf definition_reference: GR:pj comment: The growth stages defined for Sorghum were extracted from the document at http://primera.tamu.edu/ir4/sor-stage.pdf term: spikelet development goid: GRO:0007158 definition: Defines all the stages of spikelet development from formation of rudimentary glumes to floret development. definition_reference: Oryzabase:Embryo definition_reference: GR:pj term: spikelet stage SP1 goid: GRO:0007202 definition: Formation od two rudimentary glumes in distichous phyllotaxy occurs. definition_reference: GR:pj definition_reference: Oryzabase:Spikelet term: spikelet stage SP2 goid: GRO:0007205 definition: Formation of two empty glumes in distichous phyllotaxy occurs. definition_reference: GR:pj definition_reference: Oryzabase:Spikelet term: spikelet stage SP3 goid: GRO:0007204 definition: Formation of lemma in distichous phyllotaxy occurs. definition_reference: Oryzabase:Spikelet definition_reference: GR:pj term: spikelet stage SP4 goid: GRO:0007207 definition: Formation of Palea in distichous phyllotaxy occurs. definition_reference: GR:pj definition_reference: Oryzabase:Spikelet term: spikelet stage SP5 goid: GRO:0007203 definition: Formation of lodicules occurs. definition_reference: Oryzabase:Spikelet definition_reference: GR:pj term: spikelet stage SP6 goid: GRO:0007206 definition: Formation of stamen primordia in a whorl occurs. definition_reference: GR:pj definition_reference: Oryzabase:Spikelet term: spikelet stage SP7 goid: GRO:0007208 definition: Starts with formation of carpel primordium and establishment of rudimentary and empty glumes, lemma, palea, stamen and pistil occurs. definition_reference: Oryzabase:Spikelet definition_reference: GR:pj term: stamen development goid: GRO:0007159 definition: Defines all the stages of stamen development from stamen primordia differentiation to end of microgametogenesis. definition_reference: GR:pj definition_reference: Oryzabase:Embryo term: stamen stage ST0 goid: GRO:0007209 definition: Stamen primordia differntiation occurs. definition_reference: GR:pj definition_reference: Oryzabase:Stamen comment: At this stage floret is less than 1 mm in length. term: stamen stage ST1 goid: GRO:0007211 definition: Archesporial cell differentiate at four corners of the anther hypodermal layer. definition_reference: GR:pj definition_reference: Oryzabase:Stamen comment: At this stage floret is about 1 mm in length. term: stamen stage ST2 goid: GRO:0007214 definition: Archesporial cells divide into primary sporogenous cells and primary parietal cells. definition_reference: Oryzabase:Stamen definition_reference: GR:pj comment: At this stage floret is about 1.5 mm in length. term: stamen stage ST3 goid: GRO:0007210 definition: Primary parietal cells periclinally divide into endothecium and secondary parietal cells. definition_reference: GR:pj definition_reference: Oryzabase:Stamen comment: At this stage floret is less than 2 mm in length. term: stamen stage ST4 goid: GRO:0007213 definition: Secondary parietal cells periclinally divide into middle layer and tapetum cells. Premeiotic DNA synthesis occurs and Pollem mother cell (PMC) enters into meiosis stage. definition_reference: Oryzabase:Stamen definition_reference: GR:pj comment: At this stage floret is about 2 mm in length. term: stamen stage ST5 goid: GRO:0007212 definition: This stage describes the microsporogenesis in rice plant. definition_reference: GR:pj definition_reference: Oryzabase:Stamen comment: At this stage floret is about 2-5 mm in length. term: stamen stage ST5-1 goid: GRO:0007217 definition: Pollen mother cell meiosis enters Meiosis-I leptotene stage. definition_reference: Oryzabase:Stamen definition_reference: GR:pj term: stamen stage ST5-2 goid: GRO:0007218 definition: Pollen mother cell meiosis enters Meiosis-I zygotene stage. definition_reference: GR:pj definition_reference: Oryzabase:Stamen term: stamen stage ST5-3 goid: GRO:0007219 definition: Pollen mother cell meiosis enters Meiosis-I pachytene stage. definition_reference: Oryzabase:Stamen definition_reference: GR:pj comment: At this stage floret is about 3-3.4 mm in length. term: stamen stage ST5-4 goid: GRO:0007220 definition: Pollen mother cell meiosis enters Meiosis-I diplotene stage. definition_reference: GR:pj definition_reference: Oryzabase:Stamen comment: At this stage floret is about 3.5 mm in length. term: stamen stage ST5-5 goid: GRO:0007221 definition: Pollen mother cell meiosis enters Meiosis-I diakinesis stage. definition_reference: Oryzabase:Stamen definition_reference: GR:pj comment: At this stage floret is about 3.8 mm in length. term: stamen stage ST5-6 goid: GRO:0007222 definition: Pollen mother cell meiosis enters Meiosis-I metaphase-I and anaphase-I stage. definition_reference: GR:pj definition_reference: Oryzabase:Stamen comment: At this stage floret is about 4.2 mm in length. term: stamen stage ST5-7 goid: GRO:0007223 definition: Pollen mother cell meiosis enters Meiosis-II stage. definition_reference: Oryzabase:Stamen definition_reference: GR:pj comment: At this stage floret is about 4.5 mm in length. term: stamen stage ST5-8 goid: GRO:0007224 definition: Tetrad frmation occurs. Endothecium and middle layer cells degrade. definition_reference: GR:pj definition_reference: Oryzabase:Stamen comment: At this stage floret is about 5 mm in length. term: stamen stage ST6 goid: GRO:0007225 definition: Describes the microgametogenesis stages in rice plant. definition_reference: GR:pj term: stamen stage ST6-1 goid: GRO:0007226 definition: Uninucleate pollen formation. definition_reference: GR:pj definition_reference: Oryzabase:Stamen term: stamen stage ST6-2 goid: GRO:0007228 definition: Pollen undergoes mitosis-I. definition_reference: Oryzabase:Stamen definition_reference: GR:pj term: stamen stage ST6-3 goid: GRO:0007227 definition: Pollen is in binucleate stage. definition_reference: GR:pj definition_reference: Oryzabase:Stamen term: stamen stage ST6-4 goid: GRO:0007229 definition: Pollen undergoes mitosis-II. definition_reference: Oryzabase:Stamen definition_reference: GR:pj term: stamen stage ST6-5 goid: GRO:0007230 definition: Pollen undergoes maturation phase and so the anthers. definition_reference: GR:pj definition_reference: Oryzabase:Stamen comment: At this stage floret is about 7 mm in length. term: start of imbibition goid: GRO:0007053 definition: definition_reference: web:http //weeds.montana.edu/crop/Growth_stages_book/p22_23.htm definition_reference: GR:pj comment: Zadok scale-1 term: stem elongation stage goid: GRO:0007048 definition: Begins about the same time panicle initiation is occurring. It continues until full plant height is reached. definition_reference: GR:pj definition_reference: web:http //www.uaex.edu/Other_Areas/publications/HTML/MP192/1_Rice_Growth_and_Development_Vegetative.asp comment: The top five internodes may elongate. Stem internodes can be distinguished from root internodes by the green color in the stem wall. Overlaps the vegetative and reproductive stages term: tassel initiation goid: GRO:0007011 definition: Apical dome of shoot meristem elongates, followed by appearance of tassel branch primordia. Under favorable conditions in adapted hybrids in the US Corn Belt, this may occur about 2-3 weeks after seedling emergence, when 4-6 leaf collars are visible. Stem growing point is at or near soil surface. Tassel initiation is very sensitive to photoperiod and temperature; maximal sensitivity to these factors occurs during a brief period with a duration, equivalent to the emergence of two leaves, just before tassel initiation definition_reference: GR:pj definition_reference: MaizeDB:67306 term: tillering stage goid: GRO:0007049 definition: Usually begins at the fifth leaf stage when the first tiller is visible and emerges from the axillary bud of the second leaf on the culm. Tillering continues when the sixth leaf emerges, the second tiller comes from the axillary bud of the third leaf. definition_reference: GR:pj definition_reference: web:http //www.uaex.edu/Other_Areas/publications/HTML/MP192/1_Rice_Growth_and_Development_Vegetative.asp comment: In direct-seeded rice fields with a normal plant population (10 to 20 plants per square foot), rice plants generally produce 2 to 5 panicle bearing tillers per plant compared to 10 to 30 tillers per plant in transplanted rice where more space is available between plants. term: transition stage goid: GRO:0007028 definition: Occurs when the ovoid, radially symmetrical proembryo elongates to form a cone-shaped structure, establishing the future shoot-root meristem axis; about 10-12 days after pollination. definition_reference: GR:pj definition_reference: MaizeDB:67451 comment: In the endosperm, mitotic activity in the central region declines, and nuclear size and DNA content begin to increase (endoreduplication) term: vegetative lag phase goid: GRO:0007146 definition: is the period from the end of active tillering to the beginning of the reproductive stage. Tiller number decreases; height and stem diameter continue to increase but at a slower rate. definition_reference: GR:pj definition_reference: web:http //www.uaex.edu/Other_Areas/publications/HTML/MP192/1_Rice_Growth_and_Development_Vegetative.asp comment: The length of this period is a function of the maturation period of the cultivar. For very-short season cultivars with 110-day maturity, this period may not be evident. In this situation, maximum tillering stage and the beginning of reproductive growth may overlap. In a 150-day rice cultivar, the lag phase period may last more than two weeks. The vegetative lag phase in midseason varieties is characterized by yellowing plants term: vegetative stage goid: GRO:0007139 definition: Stages from germination to panicle initiation. definition_reference: GR:pj definition_reference: web:http //www.uaex.edu/Other_Areas/publications/HTML/MP192/1_Rice_Growth_and_Development.asp#Vegetative comment: The later stage (lag phase) may overalp with the reproductive stage term: viable seed germination goid: GRO:0007120 definition: definition_reference: web:http //weeds.montana.edu/crop/Growth_stages_book/p22_23.htm definition_reference: GR:pj comment: Zadok scale-96 term: wheat growth stage goid: GRO:0007156 definition: The development and growth of cereal wheat has been translated into several numeric scales to quantify development for scientific and management purposes. These are based on the most commonly used scales defined by Feekes, Zadok and Haun. definition_reference: GR:pj definition_reference: web:http //weeds.montana.edu/crop/Growth_stages_book/p22_23.htm comment: The curators have extracted the growth stage information based on the document available http://weeds.montana.edu/crop/Growth_stages_book/p22_23.htm